It landed on Soviet Union ( Badescu, 2012). The probe sampled Mare Crisum and on the 22nd of August 1976 returned with 170.1 gs of lunar soil. Luna 24 was launched more than 4 years after Luna 20 on the 14th of August 1976. Sampled material was anorthosite from ancient lunar highlands rather than basalt returned from Luna 16 ( Slyuta et al., 2020). When opened, the return capsule proved to contain only 55 gs of lunar soil ( Wesley and Mikhail, 2011). The delay was due to ice, wind and snow which raised severe difficulties for the recovery phase. In particular, the Earth-return vehicle landed in Kazakhstan and was recovered from the mission team about 24 h later. Luna 20 was launched on the 14th of February 1972, carried back about 55 gs of collected lunar samples from lunar highlands and landed in the Soviet Union on the 25th of February 1972 ( Wesley and Mikhail, 2011). The Luna 16 re-entry capsule landed on approximately 80 km SE of the city of Dzhezkazgan in Kazakhstan at 03:26 UT The samples were placed in a hermetically sealed soil sample container inside a re-entry capsule. It came back with 101 gs of collected material of lunar soil.Įach spacecraft was equipped with an extendable arm with a drilling rig for the collection of a lunar soil sample. ![]() Luna 16 was the first robotic probe to sample the Moon as well as the third SRM (after Apollo 11 and 12). Luna 16, Luna 20 and Luna 24 (1970, 1972, 1976) were three successful soviet SRMs flown as a part of Luna program as a competitor of Apollo Missions. Russell, in Sample Return Missions, 2021 15.3.2 Luna Program (USSR, 1959–1976) Another MPIfR scientist, Marita Krause, made the first such detection with the VLA in 1989, with observations that included IC 342, which is the third-closest spiral galaxy to Earth, after the Andromeda Galaxy (M31) and the Triangulum Galaxy (M33).Fabrizio Dirri. Scientists from MPIfR, including Rainer Beck were the first to detect polarized radio emission in galaxies, starting with Effelsberg observations of the Andromeda Galaxy in 1978. The final image was produced by combining five VLA images made with 24 hours of observing time, along with 30 hours of data from Effelsberg. The high resolution of the VLA, on the other hand, revealed the finer details of the galaxy. The Effelsberg telescope, with its wide field of view, showed the full extent of IC 342, which, if not partially obscured to visible-light observing by dust clouds within our own Milky Way Galaxy, would appear as large as the full moon in the sky. Rector, University of Alaska Anchorage, and H. Klein/AIfA Background Image: Kitt Peak Observatory (T.A. Observations at several wavelengths made it possible to correct for rotation of the waves' polarization plane caused by their passage through interstellar magnetic fields along the line of sight to Earth.Ĭredit: Polarized radio emission: R. The orientation of the radio waves is perpendicular to that of the magnetic field. The scientists mapped the galaxy's magnetic-field structures by measuring the orientation, or polarization, of the radio waves emitted by the galaxy. "The magnetic field lines at the inner part of the galaxy point toward the galaxy's center, and would support an inward flow of gas," says Rainer Beck. To maintain the high rate of star production requires a steady inflow of gas from the galaxy's outer regions into its center. ![]() The new observations provided clues to another aspect of the galaxy, a bright central region that may host a black hole and also is prolifically producing new stars. ![]() "This new IC 342 image indicates that magnetic fields also play an important role in forming spiral arms." "Spiral arms can hardly be formed by gravitational forces alone," continues Rainer Beck.
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